Understand Your LABs

 The term "antithetical antigen" typically refers to a pair of antigens that are encoded by different alleles at the same genetic locus and are mutually exclusive  meaning, if one is present on a red blood cell, the other cannot be. This concept is most commonly used in immunohematology , especially in blood group systems like the Kell, Duffy, Kidd, MNS, and Rh systems . Table of Contents Introduction Defining Antithetical Antigens in Blood Group Systems Genetic Basis of Antithetical Antigens Examples of Antithetical Antigens in Specific Blood Group Systems Clinical Relevance of Antithetical Antigens Role of ISBT and Nomenclature Updates in Blood Group Terminology Visualization and Data Comparisons Conclusion 1. Introduction Blood transfusion and immunohematology require precise identification and classification of blood group antigens. Among these antigens, the concept of antithetical pairs is not only fundamental in understanding red cell immunogenetics but al...

  The diagnosis of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) using artificial intelligence (AI) has shown significant advancements, leveraging various deep learning models and techniques to improve accuracy and efficiency. These AI-driven methods aim to automate and enhance the diagnostic process, reducing human error and providing faster results. The integration of AI in ALL diagnosis is explored through different approaches, each offering unique benefits and challenges. Introduction Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, primarily causing an overproduction of immature white blood cells, known as lymphoblasts. ALL is most commonly diagnosed in children, though it can also occur in adults. This aggressive form of leukemia can spread rapidly, affecting various organs and tissues, making early detection and treatment crucial for improving outcomes. Early diagnosis of ALL is essential because it allows for prompt intervention, significa...

  Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormally high red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hgb), and hematocrit (Hct) levels. This increased RBC production thickens the blood, leading to circulatory issues and a higher risk of clotting events such as stroke, heart attack, or deep vein thrombosis (DVT) .  Table of content   What is Polycythemia? Polycythemia Vera Secondary Polycythemia How Is Polycythemia Diagnosed? Complications of Polycythemia Treatment & Management of Polycythemia   Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Conclusion What is Polycythemia? Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormally high red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels , leading to increased blood viscosity and a higher risk of clotting. An elevated RBC count can make the blood thicker , slowing circulation and increasing the risk of hypertension, thrombosis (blood clots), stroke, and heart attacks . It can also cause headaches, di...